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aircraft. For the purpose of the investigation it is not only the content of the messages
that is of interest but the messages themselves may be considered as a confrmation of
the functioning of the communication system. ACARS messages may be transmitted on
either very high frequency radio or satellite communication (SATCOM) frequencies.
Airway
An area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor equipped with radio
navigation aids. Some airways have specifc vertical and lateral dimensions whilst others
are defned by an airway centreline and a minimum navigational accuracy of that an
aircraft should adhere to for 95% of the time. In the case of the airway in the east of
Ukraine that flight MH17 was on, the minimum navigational accuracy was 5 NM left or
right of the centreline.
Air traffc control flight plan
Specifc information, provided to units of air traffc services, regarding an intended flight
or part of a flight such as the airport of departure and arrival, the intended route, the
desired altitude(s) or flight level(s) on this route, type and registration of aircraft etc.
Annex
In this report, the word ‘Annex’ is used to refer to one of the 19 ICAO Annexes. An Annex
includes international standards and recommended practices (Standards and
Recommended Practices) such as those related to aviation safety and aviation security.
Member States adhere to the standards and incorporate them in their national legislation
unless they fle a difference with regard to a standard to ICAO.
Boeing 777
In this report, the subject aeroplane was a series-200 model of the Boeing 777 aeroplane
type. The terms Boeing 777 and 777 are synonymous.
Broken (meteorological term)
Cloud cover that obscures between fve-eighths and seven-eighths of the sky.
Coasting
A ‘coasting’ mode is one for which the radar returns have been temporarily interrupted
and position and altitude are being predicted and displayed based on the previously
received radar data and flight plan information. The phenomenon is comparable to the
manner in which a car’s navigation system continues to display vehicle movement when
in a tunnel, without being able to receive a signal.
Cockpit Voice Recorder
A recorder used to record the audio environment of the cockpit of an aeroplane;
including, general sounds, communications between crew members and with controllers
on the ground. In the case of flight MH17, the Cockpit Voice Recorder installed is a solid
state digital recorder.
Conflict zone
Area in which different parties are engaged in an armed conflict.

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Flight level or FL
A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specifc pressure datum,
1013.25 hectopascals (hPa), and is separated from other such surfaces by specifc
pressure intervals. FL330 is approximately equal to 33,000 feet or 10,058 metres above
mean sea level.
foot
Unit of altitude above the ground 1 foot = 0.3048 m.
Hazard
Any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or
someone.
hectopascal
The international standard of measurement of atmospheric pressure.
High-energy objects
In this report, the term ‘high-energy object’ is used frequently in the singular and the
plural. In the context of the investigation, the term is used to mean those small objects
that were found not to belong to the aeroplane, its equipment or anything loaded
on-board. These objects were found to have originated from outside the aeroplane and
they struck the aeroplane’s structure at high speed. Some of the parts travelled with a
speed that was high enough for them to be coated with traces of molten cockpit glass
and/or aluminium. Details on the exact number, shape, size and origin of the objects are
addressed in the report.
ICAO
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a specialised agency of the United
Nations. This intergovernmental organisation was founded in 1947 on the basis of the
Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention). The aims and objectives
of ICAO are to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation and
to foster the planning and development of international air transport so as to, among
other things, ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout
the world. The Chicago Convention is primarily applicable to civil aircraft. ICAO currently
has 191 Member States, including Ukraine, Malaysia and the Netherlands.
Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC)
The Interstate Aviation Committee (MAK in Cyrillic text) was formed on the basis of an
intergovernmental agreement signed in 1991. The following states are members of the
IAC: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russian Federation,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
knot
Unit of speed used in aviation whereby one knot equals one nautical mile per hour or
1,852 metres per hour.

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Section
When referencing the location of structural parts, Boeing has sub-divided the fuselage
into seven sections, see Figure 90. These are numbered from the forward to the rear
sections as sections 41 and 43, to 48 inclusive.

Figure 90: Schematic diagram of Boeing 777 Sections and Stations. (Source: Dutch Safety Board)

Security
Safeguarding civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. This objective is achieved
by a combination of measures and human and material resources.
Solenoid
A solenoid is a type of electromagnet that is used to generate a controlled magnetic
feld. The locks holding the passenger oxygen masks in passenger service units above
the passenger seats are controlled by such an electromagnet.
State
In the context of this report, ‘state’ refers to a nation and its administrative responsibilities.
When written with a capital ‘s’, the text refers to responsibilities of a state following the
Chicago Convention, such as State of Operator, State of Occurrence, etc.
State aircraft
The offcial ICAO name for aircraft used by military, customs and police services.
Station
A means of referencing the location of a part or object by means of its distance, in inches,
from a datum ahead of the aeroplane’s nose, see Figure 90. This is abbreviated in the
report to ‘STA’ followed by a number, e.g. Frame station 655 is referred to as STA655.
Stringer
A structural element of the aeroplane that provides rigidity to the aeroplane. In the case
of the fuselage, these act along the longitudinal axis of the aeroplane.
Target
In this report, the word ‘target’ is used both to describe the plots on a radar display that
are derived from signals from a radar station or in the military sense of the word.

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13 LIST OF APPENDICES

The following documents are appendices to the two parts:

PART A: CAUSES OF THE CRASH

A. Investigation ativities and participants
B. Reference information
C. Air Traffc Control flight plan
D. NOTAM information
E. Load information
F. Weather chart and weather satellite image
G. ATC Transcript
H. Recorded data
I. Radar screen images
J. Aeroplane systems and engines information
K. Ballistic trajectory analysis methods
L. Typical fracture modes
M. Agreement regarding Ukrainian ATC Data
N. Background to occupants exposure

PART B: FLYING OVER CONFLICT ZONES

O. Participants in the investigation
P. Developments relevant to the investigation
Q. Laws and regulations
R. Operators that flew over the eastern part of Ukraine
S. Precedents: Incidents involving Civil Aviation over conflict zones
T. Report of the Dutch Review Committee for the Intelligence and Security Services
(CTIVD)
U. Flying over conflict areas - risk assessment

APPENDICES AVAILABLE VIA THE WEBSITE WWWSAFETYBOARD.NL

V. Consultation Part A: Causes of the crash
W. Consultation Part B: Flying over conflict zones
X. NLR report: Investigation of the impact damage due to high-energy objects on
the wreckage of flight MH17
Y. TNO report: Damage reconstruction caused by impact of high-energetic particles
on Malaysia Airlines flight MH17